======Flows over 3D and 2D Hills======
=====Experiments by Thompson and Lawson=====

----

====Description====

A wind tunnel study was conducted to examine the flowfield and the ground-level 
scalar concentrations from a variety of scalar source positions (locations and heights) both 
upstream and downstream of two model hills, an axisymmetric hill (maximum slope 24<sup>o</sup>)
and a two-dimensional ridge (maximum slope 16<sup>o</sup>), immersed in a simulated neutral 
atmospheric boundary layer. 


===Wind Tunnel===

The experiments performed in this study were conducted in the meteorological wind
tunnel of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Fluid Modelling Facility. It is a
low-speed, open-return wind tunnel with a test section 2.1 m high, 3.7 m wide and 18.3 m
long. Detailed features and operational characteristics of the wind tunnel are described
by Snyder (1979).


===Models===

The axisymmetric hill was an idealised version of Cinder Cone Butte (Lavery et al.,
1982), an isolated, nearly axisymmetric hill located in south-western Idaho. The model was
155 mm in height, 1550 mm in diameter, and had the shape of a fourth order polynomial:

\[ f(r) = \frac{h+c}{1+(r/L)^4} - c  \]

where \(r\) is the radial distance from the hill centre; \(h = 155\) mm, \(L = 388\) mm
and \(c = 10\) mm, for \(r \le 775\) mm.  For \(r > 775\) mm the surface is flat, ie. \(f(r)=0\).

The top of the model hill was a relatively flat plateau about 400 mm in diameter, while
the sides sloped gradually to the surface with no discontinuities. The maximum slope was
24<sup>o</sup>. 

The two dimensional ridge was identical in shape and construction to "Hill 5" as described 
by Khurshudyan et al (1981), except that it was covered with gravel of a smaller size. The 
height of the model was 118 mm, its chord was 1180 mm, and its maximum slope was l6<sup>o</sup>. 
The shape is described by the following parametric equations for \(- a < \xi < a\):

\[ x = (1/2) \xi \left( 1 + \frac{a^2}{\xi^2 + m^2(a^2 - \xi^2)} \right) \]
\[ y = (1/2) m \sqrt{a^2 - \xi^2} \left( 1 - \frac{a^2}{\xi^2 +m^2 (a^2 - \xi^2)} \right) \]

where \(m = 1.22\), \(a = 590\) mm and \(\xi\) is an arbitrary parameter.

Cross sectional views of both the hill and ridge are shown in <imgref cas42-geom>.

<imgcaption cas42-geom|Isotachs over the centreline of the axisymmetric hill (top) and 2D ridge (bottom). Note that vertical distance is scaled by a factor of 3 compared to horizontal, to enhance clarity.>{{ figs:case042:cas42-geom.png |Flow configuration}}</imgcaption>


====Experimental Details====

===Velocity Measurements===

Measurements of mean velocity, longitudinal and vertical components of turbulence
intensity and Reynolds stress were made using hot-wire anemometers with x-array sensors.
The sensors were calibrated in the free-stream flow using a Pitot tube and capacitance
manometer as a reference.

Corrections were applied to account for the effects of ambient temperature drift
(Bearman, 1971) and finite length sensor yaw response (Lawson and Britter l983). All
measurements were carried out at a free-stream wind speed of 4 m/s.

===Concentration Measurements===

A hydrocarbon tracer technique was used to measure ground-level concentrations downwind
of the source. The HC tracer used was ethane (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>), which has a
molecular weight very near that of air, so that the plume was neutrally buoyant. The
tracer was released through a hollow, perforated plastic ball 10 mm in diameter. This type
of source allows for injection of a suitable quantity of tracer gas while at the same time
minimise the effluent momentum in any preferred direction; it simulates a point source and
avoids any plume rise. Samples were withdrawn through sampling ports mounted on the
surface of the model and on the tunnel floor. Port-to-port spacing was 150 mm which
determined the spatial resolution with which the maximum ground-level concentration was
determined. The samples were routed to flame ionisation detectors (FlDs) which produced
output voltages linearly related to concentration.

The concentration of tracer material was measured as a function of distance downstream
of the source for several different source locations and heights.


====Available Measurements====

The data available includes:
  * Mean velocity and Reynolds stress profiles in the undisturbed boundary layer (flat plate case), and at several streamwise locations in the axisymmetric hill and 2D ridge cases.
  * Surface tracer concentrations downstream of the tracer source for a range of source locations and heights (for the flat plate, axisymmetric hilll and 2D ridge cases).
  * Measurements of tracer concentration at various heights above the surface for selected tracer source locations (for the flat plate and axisymmetric hill cases).

[[case042-plots|Sample plots]] of selected quantities are available.

The data can be downloaded as compressed archives from the links below, or as individual files.

  * {{cdata:case042:hlcc-allfiles.zip|hlcc-allfiles.zip}}
  * {{cdata:case042:hlcc-allfiles.tar.gz|hlcc-allfiles.tar.gz}}


**ACC Data Files (Relate to Flat Plate and Axisymmetric Hill Cases)**

| Locations of surface measurement ports  |  {{cdata:case042:accprt-001.dat|accprt-001.dat}}  |

^  Boundary Layer Measurements (Flat Plate Case)  ^^^^^
^ Streamwise distance  ^  Vertical profiles on \(y=0\)  ^^  Lateral profile on \(z=80\) mm  ^   Lateral profile on \(z=160\) mm  ^
^      :::             ^    UW probe data  ^  UV probe data  ^          :::                 ^               :::                  ^
| \(x=10\) m  |  {{cdata:case042:accvp-004.dat|accvp-004.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accvp-009.dat|accvp-009.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accvp-006.dat|accvp-006.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accvp-005.dat|accvp-005.dat}}  |
| \(x=12\) m  |  {{cdata:case042:accvp-008.dat|accvp-008.dat}}  |     |      |     |
| \(x=14\) m  |  {{cdata:case042:accvp-007.dat|accvp-007.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accvp-010.dat|accvp-010.dat}}  |   |    |

^  ACCD-Series Surface Concentration Measurements (Axisymmetric Hill Case)  ^^^^^^^
^ Stack Location  ^  Stack Height  ^^^^^^
^    :::          ^  40 mm  ^  60 mm  ^  80 mm  ^  120 mm  ^  160 mm  ^  200 mm  ^
| \(X=4h\)   |  {{cdata:case042:accd-029.dat|accd-029.dat}}\\ {{cdata:case042:accd-033.dat|accd-033.dat}}   |                                               |  {{cdata:case042:accd-030.dat|accd-030.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-031.dat|accd-031.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-032.dat|accd-032.dat}}  |                                               |
| \(X=5h\)   |  {{cdata:case042:accd-034.dat|accd-034.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-035.dat|accd-035.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-036.dat|accd-036.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-037.dat|accd-037.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-038.dat|accd-038.dat}}  |                                               |
| \(X=6h\)   |  {{cdata:case042:accd-006.dat|accd-006.dat}}  |                                               |  {{cdata:case042:accd-007.dat|accd-007.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-008.dat|accd-008.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-009.dat|accd-009.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-010.dat|accd-010.dat}}  |
| \(X=7h\)   |  {{cdata:case042:accd-040.dat|accd-040.dat}}  |                                               |  {{cdata:case042:accd-039.dat|accd-039.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-026.dat|accd-026.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-027.dat|accd-027.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-028.dat|accd-028.dat}}  |
| \(X=8h\)   |  {{cdata:case042:accd-019.dat|accd-019.dat}}  |                                               |  {{cdata:case042:accd-020.dat|accd-020.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-021.dat|accd-021.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-022.dat|accd-022.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-023.dat|accd-023.dat}}  |
| \(X=9h\)   |                                               |                                               |  {{cdata:case042:accd-041.dat|accd-041.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-025.dat|accd-025.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-024.dat|accd-024.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-042.dat|accd-042.dat}}  |
| \(X=10h\)  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-001.dat|accd-001.dat}}  |                                               |  {{cdata:case042:accd-002.dat|accd-002.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-003.dat|accd-003.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-004.dat|accd-004.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-005.dat|accd-005.dat}}  |
| \(X=12h\)  |                                               |                                               |  {{cdata:case042:accd-013.dat|accd-013.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-011.dat|accd-011.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-012.dat|accd-012.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-014.dat|accd-014.dat}}  |
| \(X=14h\)  |                                               |                                               |                                               |  {{cdata:case042:accd-016.dat|accd-016.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-017.dat|accd-017.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-018.dat|accd-018.dat}}\\ {{cdata:case042:accd-043.dat|accd-043.dat}}  |
| \(X=16h\)  |                                               |                                               |                                               |  {{cdata:case042:accd-015.dat|accd-015.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:accd-044.dat|accd-044.dat}}  |                                               |

^  ACCCMM-Series Concentration Measurements  ^^^
^  Surface Concentration  (Axisymmetric Hill Case)  ^^^
^ Stack Location  ^  Stack Height  ^^
^   :::           ^  80 mm  ^  160 mm  ^
| \(X=6h\)  |  {{cdata:case042:acccmm-158.dat|acccmm-158.dat}}  |                                                   |
| \(X=7h\)  |  {{cdata:case042:acccmm-139.dat|acccmm-139.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccmm-136.dat|acccmm-136.dat}}  |
^  Vertical Concentration Profiles on \(y=0\) (without hill)  ^^^
^ Distance from source  ^  Stack Height  ^^
^         :::           ^  80 mm  ^  160 mm  ^
| \(x=625\) mm   |  {{cdata:case042:acccmm-003.dat|acccmm-003.dat}}  |   |
| \(x=1250\) mm  |  {{cdata:case042:acccmm-001.dat|acccmm-001.dat}}\\ {{cdata:case042:acccmm-002.dat|acccmm-002.dat}}  |   |
| \(x=2500\) mm  |  {{cdata:case042:acccmm-004.dat|acccmm-004.dat}}  |   |
| \(x=825\) mm   |   |  {{cdata:case042:acccmm-007.dat|acccmm-007.dat}}  |
| \(x=1650\) mm  |   |  {{cdata:case042:acccmm-005.dat|acccmm-005.dat}}  |
| \(x=3300\) mm  |   |  {{cdata:case042:acccmm-006.dat|acccmm-006.dat}}  |

^  ACCCM-Series Concentration Measurements  ^^^^^
^  Streamwise profiles on \(y=0\) at various heights \(z\)  (Flat Plate Case)  ^^^^^
^ Stack height  ^   Location above surface  ^^^^
|     :::       |  \(z=0\) mm  |  \(z=40\) mm  |  \(z=80\) mm  |  \(z=120\) mm  |
| 0 mm    |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-021.dat|acccm-021.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-022.dat|acccm-022.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-023.dat|acccm-023.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-024.dat|acccm-024.dat}}  |
| 40 mm   |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-005.dat|acccm-005.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-006.dat|acccm-006.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-007.dat|acccm-007.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-008.dat|acccm-008.dat}}  |
| 80 mm   |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-001.dat|acccm-001.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-002.dat|acccm-002.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-003.dat|acccm-003.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-004.dat|acccm-004.dat}}  |
| 120 mm  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-009.dat|acccm-009.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-010.dat|acccm-010.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-011.dat|acccm-011.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-012.dat|acccm-012.dat}}  |
| 160 mm  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-013.dat|acccm-013.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-014.dat|acccm-014.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-015.dat|acccm-015.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-016.dat|acccm-016.dat}}  |
| 200 mm  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-017.dat|acccm-017.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-018.dat|acccm-018.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-019.dat|acccm-019.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-020.dat|acccm-020.dat}}  |
^  Lateral profiles at various \(x\) locations (Flat Plate Case) for Stack height 80 mm  ^^^^^
^ \(x\) location  ^   Location above surface  ^^^^
|     :::       |  \(z=0\) mm  |  \(z=40\) mm  |  \(z=80\) mm  |  \(z=120\) mm  |
| \(x=625\) mm   |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-041.dat|acccm-041.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-042.dat|acccm-042.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-043.dat|acccm-043.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-044.dat|acccm-044.dat}}  |
| \(x=1250\) mm  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-045.dat|acccm-045.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-046.dat|acccm-046.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-047.dat|acccm-047.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-048.dat|acccm-048.dat}}  |
| \(x=2500\) mm  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-057.dat|acccm-057.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-058.dat|acccm-058.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-059.dat|acccm-059.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-060.dat|acccm-060.dat}}  |
^  Lateral profiles at various \(x\) locations (without hill) for Stack height 160 mm  ^^^^^
^ \(x\) location  ^   Location above surface  ^^^^
|     :::       |  \(z=0\) mm  |  \(z=40\) mm  |  \(z=80\) mm  |  \(z=120\) mm  |
| \(x=1650\) mm   |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-065.dat|acccm-065.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-066.dat|acccm-066.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-067.dat|acccm-067.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-068.dat|acccm-068.dat}}  |
| \(x=3300\) mm   |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-069.dat|acccm-069.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-070.dat|acccm-070.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-071.dat|acccm-071.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-072.dat|acccm-072.dat}}  |
^  Lateral profiles at various \(x\) locations (with hill) for Stack height 80 mm  ^^^^^
^ \(x\) location  ^   Location above surface  ^^^^
|     :::       |  \(z=0\) mm  |  \(z=10\) mm  |  \(z=20\) mm  |  \(z=30\) mm  |
| Above Port 42  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-380.dat|acccm-380.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-381.dat|acccm-381.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-382.dat|acccm-382.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-383.dat|acccm-383.dat}}  |
| Above centre   |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-384.dat|acccm-384.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-385.dat|acccm-385.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-386.dat|acccm-386.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-387.dat|acccm-387.dat}}  |
| Above Port 15  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-388.dat|acccm-388.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-389.dat|acccm-389.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-390.dat|acccm-390.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-391.dat|acccm-391.dat}}  |
^  Lateral profiles at  \(x=825\) mm  (with hill) for Stack height 160 mm  ^^^^^
^ \(x\) location  ^   Location above surface  ^^^^
|     :::       |  \(z=0\) mm  |  \(z=40\) mm  |               |               |
| \(x=825\) mm  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-081.dat|acccm-081.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:acccm-082.dat|acccm-082.dat}}  |   |   |

**GEP Data Files (Relate to Flat Plate, Axisymmetric Hill and 2D Ridge Cases)**

^  GEPRP-Series Pitot Tube Measurements on \(y=0\) (Axisymmetric Hill Case)  ^^
^ Streamwise location  ^  File  ^
| \(x=2h\)     |  {{cdata:case042:geprp-001.dat|geprp-001.dat}}  |
| \(x=3h\)     |  {{cdata:case042:geprp-002.dat|geprp-002.dat}}  |
| \(x=4h\)     |  {{cdata:case042:geprp-003.dat|geprp-003.dat}}  |
| \(x=4.2h\)   |  {{cdata:case042:geprp-005.dat|geprp-005.dat}}  |
| \(x=4.56h\)  |  {{cdata:case042:geprp-004.dat|geprp-004.dat}}  |

^  GEPMV-Series Boundary Layer Measurements on \(y=0\) (Flat Plate, Axisymmetric Hill and 2D Ridge Cases)  ^^^
^  Flat Plate Case (2 measurements per location)  ^^^
^ Location  ^  File 1   ^  File 2  ^
| \(x=6\) m   |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-001.dat|gepmv-001.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-004.dat|gepmv-004.dat}}  |
| \(x=10\) m  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-002.dat|gepmv-002.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-005.dat|gepmv-005.dat}}  |
| \(x=15\) m  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-003.dat|gepmv-003.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-006.dat|gepmv-006.dat}}  |
^  Axisymmetric Hill and 2D Ridge Cases  ^^^
^ Location   ^  Axisymmetric Hill  ^  2D Ridge  ^
| \(x=-15h\)  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-015.dat|gepmv-015.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-026.dat|gepmv-026.dat}}  |
| \(x=-10h\)  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-014.dat|gepmv-014.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-025.dat|gepmv-025.dat}}  |
| \(x=-7h\)   |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-013.dat|gepmv-013.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-027.dat|gepmv-027.dat}}  |
| \(x=-5h\)   |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-012.dat|gepmv-012.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-028.dat|gepmv-028.dat}}  |
| \(x=-4h\)   |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-011.dat|gepmv-011.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-029.dat|gepmv-029.dat}}  |
| \(x=-3h\)   |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-010.dat|gepmv-010.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-030.dat|gepmv-030.dat}}  |
| \(x=-2h\)   |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-009.dat|gepmv-009.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-031.dat|gepmv-031.dat}}  |
| \(x=-1h\)   |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-008.dat|gepmv-008.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-032.dat|gepmv-032.dat}}  |
| \(x=0\)     |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-007.dat|gepmv-007.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-024.dat|gepmv-024.dat}}  |
| \(x=1h\)    |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-016.dat|gepmv-016.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-033.dat|gepmv-033.dat}}\\ {{cdata:case042:gepmv-041.dat|gepmv-041.dat}}  |
| \(x=2h\)    |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-017.dat|gepmv-017.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-034.dat|gepmv-034.dat}}  |
| \(x=3h\)    |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-018.dat|gepmv-018.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-035.dat|gepmv-035.dat}}  |
| \(x=4h\)    |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-019.dat|gepmv-019.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-036.dat|gepmv-036.dat}}  |
| \(x=5h\)    |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-020.dat|gepmv-020.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-037.dat|gepmv-037.dat}}  |
| \(x=7h\)    |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-021.dat|gepmv-021.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-038.dat|gepmv-038.dat}}  |
| \(x=10h\)   |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-022.dat|gepmv-022.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-039.dat|gepmv-039.dat}}  |
| \(x=15h\)   |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-023.dat|gepmv-023.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmv-040.dat|gepmv-040.dat}}  |


^  GEPMCX-Series Surface Concentration Measurements on \(y=0\) (Flat Plate, Axisymmetric Hill and 2D Ridge Cases)  ^^^^^^^^
^  Flat Plate Case  ^^^^^^^^
^ Stack Location  ^  Stack Height  ^^^^^^^
^   :::           ^   30 mm  ^  40 mm  ^  80 mm  ^  120 mm  ^  180 mm  ^  200 mm  ^  ^
| \(x=6.5\) m   |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-001.dat|gepmcx-001.dat}}\\ {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-002.dat|gepmcx-002.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-003.dat|gepmcx-003.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-004.dat|gepmcx-004.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-005.dat|gepmcx-005.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-006.dat|gepmcx-006.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-007.dat|gepmcx-007.dat}}  |   |
| \(x=11.3\) m  |    |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-008.dat|gepmcx-008.dat}}  |    |    |    |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-009.dat|gepmcx-009.dat}}  |  |
^  Axisymmetric Hill Case  ^^^^^^^^
^ Stack Location  ^  Stack Height  ^^^^^^^
^   :::           ^   20 mm  ^  40 mm  ^  80 mm  ^  120 mm  ^  160 mm  ^  200 mm  ^  250 mm  ^
| \(x=0\) mm     |                                                  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-039.dat|gepmcx-039.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-040.dat|gepmcx-040.dat}}  |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   |
| \(x=314\) mm   |                                                  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-034.dat|gepmcx-034.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-035.dat|gepmcx-035.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-036.dat|gepmcx-036.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-037.dat|gepmcx-037.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-038.dat|gepmcx-038.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-034.dat|gepmcx-034.dat}}  |
| \(x=468\) mm   |                                                   |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-047.dat|gepmcx-047.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-048.dat|gepmcx-048.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-049.dat|gepmcx-049.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-050.dat|gepmcx-050.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-051.dat|gepmcx-051.dat}}  |                                                   |
| \(x=616\) mm   |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-055.dat|gepmcx-055.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-028.dat|gepmcx-028.dat}}\\ {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-029.dat|gepmcx-029.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-030.dat|gepmcx-030.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-031.dat|gepmcx-031.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-032.dat|gepmcx-032.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-033.dat|gepmcx-033.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-052.dat|gepmcx-052.dat}}  |
| \(x=794\) mm   |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-054.dat|gepmcx-054.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-041.dat|gepmcx-041.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-042.dat|gepmcx-042.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-043.dat|gepmcx-043.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-044.dat|gepmcx-044.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-045.dat|gepmcx-045.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-053.dat|gepmcx-053.dat}}  |
| \(x=936\) mm   |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-056.dat|gepmcx-056.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-017.dat|gepmcx-017.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-018.dat|gepmcx-018.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-019.dat|gepmcx-019.dat}}\\ {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-059.dat|gepmcx-059.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-020.dat|gepmcx-020.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-021.dat|gepmcx-021.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-022.dat|gepmcx-022.dat}}  |
| \(x=1279\) mm  |                                                   |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-023.dat|gepmcx-023.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-024.dat|gepmcx-024.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-025.dat|gepmcx-025.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-026.dat|gepmcx-026.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-027.dat|gepmcx-027.dat}}  |                                                   |
| \(x=1560\) mm  |                                                   |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-010.dat|gepmcx-010.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-011.dat|gepmcx-011.dat}}  |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   |
| \(x=1620\) mm  |                                                   |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-012.dat|gepmcx-012.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-013.dat|gepmcx-013.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-014.dat|gepmcx-014.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-015.dat|gepmcx-015.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-016.dat|gepmcx-016.dat}}  |                                                   |
| \(x=2031\) mm  |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-057.dat|gepmcx-057.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-058.dat|gepmcx-058.dat}}  |                                                   |                                                   |
^  2D Ridge Case  ^^^^^^^^
^ Stack Location  ^  Stack Height  ^^^^^^^
^   :::           ^   30 mm  ^  60 mm  ^  90 mm  ^  120 mm  ^  150 mm  ^  180 mm  ^  200 mm  ^
| \(x=4\) mm     |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-060.dat|gepmcx-060.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-061.dat|gepmcx-061.dat}}  |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   |
| \(x=h\)        |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-062.dat|gepmcx-062.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-063.dat|gepmcx-063.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-064.dat|gepmcx-064.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-065.dat|gepmcx-065.dat}}  |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   |
| \(x=2h\)       |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-066.dat|gepmcx-066.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-067.dat|gepmcx-067.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-068.dat|gepmcx-068.dat}}  |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   |
| \(x=5h\)       |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-069.dat|gepmcx-069.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-071.dat|gepmcx-071.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-072.dat|gepmcx-072.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-073.dat|gepmcx-073.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-074.dat|gepmcx-074.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-075.dat|gepmcx-075.dat}}  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-076.dat|gepmcx-076.dat}}\\ {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-077.dat|gepmcx-077.dat}}  |
| \(x=1285\) mm  |  {{cdata:case042:gepmcx-078.dat|gepmcx-078.dat}}  |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   |                                                   |


====References====

  - Bearman, P.W. (1971). Corrections for the effects of ambient temperature drift on hot-wire measurements in incompressible flow. //DIS.4 Information//, Vol. 11, pp. 25-30.
  - Khurshudyan, L.H., Snyder, W.H., Nekrasov, I.V. (1981). Flow and dispersion of pollutants over two-dimensional hills: summary report on joint Soviet-American study. //Rpt. No. EPA-600/4-81-067//, Envir. Prot. Agcy., Res. Tri. Pk., NC.
  - Lavery, T.F., Bass, A., Strimaitis, D.G., Venkatram, A., Greene, B.R., Drivas, P.J., Egan, B.A. (1982). EPA complex terrain modeling program: first milestone report-1981. //Rpt. No. EPA-600/3-82-036//, Envir. Prot. Agcy., Res. Tri.  Pk., NC.
  - Lawson, R.E. Jr., Britter, R.E. (1983). [[https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3735/16/6/024|A note on the measurement of transverse velocity fluctuations with heated cylindrical sensors at small mean velocities]]. //J. Phys. E: Sci. Insts.//, Vol. 16, pp. 563-567.
  - Lawson, R.E., Snyder, W.H., Thompson, R.S. (1989). [[https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(89)90580-5|Estimation of maximum surface concentrations from sources near complex terrain in neutral flow]]. //Atmospheric Environment//, Vol. 23,  pp. 321-331.
  - Snyder, W.H. (1979). The EPA meteorological wind tunnel: its design, construction and operating characteristics. //Rpt. No. EPA-600/4-79-051//, Envir. Prot. Agcy., Res. Tri. Pk., NC.
  - Thompson, R.S., Lawson, R.E. (1990). Terrain amplification factors for sources near complex terrain. //Data report, project ACCD//, GEPCPX, U.S. EPA.
  - Thompson, R.S., Shipman, M.S., Rottman, J.W. (1991). [[https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v43i1.11915|Moderately stable flow over a 3D hill -- A comparison of linear theory with laboratory measurements]]. //Tellus//, 43A, pp. 49-63.

----

Indexed data:
<data dbcase semi_confined_flow>
case       : 042
title      : Flows over 3D and 2D Hills
author*    : Thompson, Lawson
year       : 1990
type       : EXP
flow_tag*  : 2d, 3d, scalar, separated, surface_mounted_body
</data>